Define a meaningful goal or outcome for the leader/ coachee. (A measurable performance or behavior)
Focus on the leader/ coachee’s agenda. (“I’m a little concerned about…”)
Intervention or possible action for the leader/ coachee. (“Have you considered…”)
Takeaways or next step for the leader/ coachee. (Model accountability and change.)
% of adherence to this model? (0-20%, 20-40%, 60-80%, 80-100%)
Understanding of Positive Psychology Coaching (PPC) protocols:
Introduction to Positive Psychology
Positive Psychology (PP) may be operationally defined as the science of well-being and optimal functioning. The phrase “positive psychology” was coined by Maslow (1954) and is rooted in humanistic psychology. Recent research in PP has defined five clusters of scientific findings, the PERMA model, that describe positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishments (Seligman, 2011). The construct of signature strengths can be assessed using the Values in Action (VIA-72) questionnaire (Seligman & Peterson, 2011). The construct of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) can be defined as a dynamic, higher-order construct comprised of hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism (Luthans, Youssef-Morgan & Avolio, 2015).
Introduction to Positive Psychology Coaching
This Positive Psychology Coaching (PPC) program was designed in response to a perceived need for development of business leaders actively engaged in professional coaching. The confidential relationship between coaches and coachees will be maintained throughout this research. Autonomy and mastery are critical aspects of professional coaching relationships, and will be maintained throughout this research.
The goals of this PPC program include: (a) assessing and developing individual character strengths using validated strengths-based assessments, (b) adhering to a structured evidence-based protocol for positive psychology coaching, (c) developing a strengths-based goal attainment process customized for each leader (coachee), (d) measuring Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) by evaluating adherence to three goals that are personally meaningful and relate to business outcomes for the leader (coachee), (e) modeling action planning and accountability in each coaching session by evaluating adherence to the coaching protocols, (f) quantitatively and qualitatively measuring the effect of positive psychology coaching on coachee outcomes.
Coaching engagement goals
The goals for each coaching engagement will be defined by each client (coachee) and customized with their professional coach. Each coachee will be encouraged to define three goals that are personally meaningful, relate to business outcomes, and can be measured using the goal attainment scale (GAS). Representative examples of coaching engagement goals may include (a) driving retention and organizational performance through tactical execution, (b) developing strategic thinking and planning, (c) developing leadership capability in key areas to leader success, (d) aligning and integrating current role with desired future role, (e) developing executive presence, (f) aligning operations with other business sectors to drive shared accountability and measurable impact on business outcomes.
Coaching engagement outcomes
The outcomes of each coaching engagement are typically described by knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs.) Examples of knowledge outcomes for the coaching engagement may include (a) aligning the leader’s role with organizational vision, mission, and values, (b) defining how the leader’s role expectations affect collaboration with others, (c) understanding the strengths and values that describe each leader “at their best” and incorporating those strengths into regular vocabulary, and (d) defining key actions essential to reinforce business outcomes.
Examples of the skills outcomes of the coaching engagement may include (a) building capacity to manage resources and the productivity of others, (b) developing strategies for managing energy and time to improve productivity, (c) communicating the leader’s vision and key messages in an impactful manner, (d) developing skills in written messaging that focus on strength-based leadership, (e) modeling self-awareness by incorporating signature strengths into leadership and management activities, (f) applying conflict resolution skills to reach mutually beneficial and positive outcomes, (g) demonstrating effective active listening skills, (h) accurately reading a situation and projecting confidence, decisiveness, assertiveness and poise under pressure, (i) modeling collaborative leadership skills by creating actions plans that include partnering with other leaders, supporting performance goals, building key alliances, and implementing business outcomes.
Examples of the abilities outcomes of the coaching engagement may include (a) fostering innovation, (b) directing initiatives that build alliances and mutual respect, (c) communicating across business sectors by translating key messages between different groups, (d) leading alignment with others using strategic thinking, (e) enhancing problem solving ability to approach common issues/concerns with extraordinary thinking to foster innovation.
Possible activities for PPC engagements
The following list of evidence-based activities is a descriptive resource and is not intended to be prescriptive for any professional coaching or consulting engagement.
Encourage your coachee to take a validated assessment such as the Values in Action (VIA-72) assessment or the Psychological Capital (PSQ-12) assessment
Conduct a strengths-based interview of your coachee using results from the Values in Action (VIA-72) assessment
Conduct a strengths-based interview of your coachee using results from the Psychological Capital (PSQ-12) assessment
Encourage your coachee to describe their best leadership story (“At my best story”) using results from a validated positive psychology assessment
Encourage your coachee to determine three performance or behavioral goals, that are personally meaningful, that relate to business outcomes
Measure achievement of those three business-related goals using the goal attainment scale (GAS)
Encourage your coachee to develop a gratitude journal
Encourage your coachee to document “Three Good Things” for a day or a week, and note any contributing variables or patterns
Invite your coachee to practice multiple acts of kindness toward others, especially within 24 hours
Conduct a Best Future Self activity or guided meditation activity
Encourage your coachee to document the quantity and quality of physical activity, emotional shifts and cognitive energy, for at least 24 hours
My bias/ The bottom line:
The art and science of professional coaching requires that professional coaches adhere to the AD-FITTM protocol model.
See details in the products section.
For details on assessment, interventions, certification, training, or research contact us today.
My friend Steve, in Charlotte, NC, is very intentional about his daily practice of mindful-ness. As an executive coach and yoga master, he has achieved a state of awareness that others cannot imagine. Yes, this is his car…
Steve would ask, “What daily practice do you adopt to increase mindfulness?”
Prayer? Meditation? Random acts of kindness? Daily expressions of gratitude? Generosity?
Throughout 4,500 years of recorded history, humans have sought insight from such daily practices.
Yoga teaches the value of breathing and moving. Just like any hard physical activity. Gardening. Running ultra marathons. Doing 10-day expedition adventure races.
Now we have social media triggers such as this clip from Alan Watts to take us on a virtual adventure…
Alternately, for those who need a provocative clip from Alan Watts, consider this:
More importantly, a coaching question is “What daily practice do you adopt to increase mindfulness?”
RE: The Positive Organizational Leadership Project (POLP)
Goal:
Invite practitioners/ leaders/ consultants to share digital stories of HOW they are applying Positive Psychology individually and organizationally.
Assumptions:
Leaders practice leadership. We can all be better leaders.
We can leverage technology and our communities.
Relationships matter. When we model relationships that matter, then we increase awareness and learning.
Background:
After attending the International Positive Psychology Association conference in Montreal, Canada, in July, 2017 one theme stood clear. Marketing and branding for practitioners using positive psychology is NOT well defined. Market confusion abounds. This Positive Organizational Leadership Project emerged as one initiative to help practitioners share HOW they serve clients in our global marketplace. Join us?
Process:
(a) share this invitation broadly, (b) schedule a 30-minute session with Doug Gray here or at https://actionlearnin.wpengine.com/ (c) receive Time Trade confirmation with calendar link (d) encourage participants to write responses to the 5-7 questions below and email them to doug@action-learning.com 24 hours prior to our scheduled call so that we can each be well prepared, (e) download https://zoom.us/ software and familiarize yourself with software on YouTube, (f) at the scheduled time, record 5-10 minutes of video session using https://zoom.us/j/3432485703 (g) send MP4 recording to practitioners for their distribution, (h) post on https://www.youtube.com/user/dgrayful/videos channel with invitation to be included in the project.
Possible questions:
Self-introduction: Who are you, what do you do, where are you located, do you have a website or invitation to share with others?
Self- awareness: If you have taken the assessment at https://www.viacharacter.org/www/, what are your top 5 signature strengths? How would you describe yourself, at your best, using those top 5 signature strengths? (FYI, my top signature strengths are creativity, hope, perspective, honesty, zest.)
Definition: One common definition of positive psychology is the science and practicing of flourishing or thriving… how do you typically define positive psychology?
What attracts you to the science or practice of positive psychology?
Clients: Who do you typically serve in your PP consulting work? Please share 2-3 examples/ case studies/ successful interventions or client experiences.
Trends: What trends or market opportunities do you see in the future for positive psychology consulting?
Referrals: Who else can you refer me to who (a) is a Positive Psychology consultant and (b) might be willing to be interviewed in this project?
How can you help? Share this invitation broadly. Thank you in advance for your participation.
There is too much confusion regarding return on investment (ROI) for your investment in business coaching.
Let me clear the confusion by describing two sides of the ROI coin, and share an example of a coaching client who demonstrated a 300 % ROI from his investment.
One side of the ROI coin states “If you cannot demonstrate ROI from any initiative, then it will not be funded.” That makes business sense, and has defined most decision-making models. Examples abound from Peter Drucker’s famous maxim “If you cannot measure it then it does not exist” to Alan Weiss’ maxim “The only measure that matters is improved results of the client’s condition.” My corollary is, “Behavorial outcomes or performance outcomes can always be measured quantitatively (with numbers) or qualitatively (with descriptions).”
The other side of the ROI coin states that human behavior is inherently complex and unpredictable, therefore measuring that complexity is impossible. The notion of accurately measuring the impact of that change is impossible (even with artificial intelligence gathered from big data sets.) My corollary is, “The pace of change is slower today than it will ever be in the future, so respond to the challenges today.” What are you waiting to measure? Organizational psychologists distinguish between True Measures (T, an absolute from Aristotle), actual measure (t) and degree of error (%e). One formula to measure that complexity is T = t(%e). The main point is that complexity can be measured within ranges of acceptable error.
My experience is that ROI can be measured and must be measured. Here is the formula that I use, adapted from my good friend John Mattox’s (2016) book, Learning Analytics; Measurement innovations to support employee development. (Yes, my testimonial is on the back cover. I strongly encourage anyone interested in ROI to purchase and study this book.) Another great resource is the ROI Institute, founded by Jack and Patti Phillips.
Here is version 1 of the formula I use: ROI = (benefits-cost)/ cost. For instance, if the benefits of coaching investment for 12 months are $20,000 in new revenue, and the cost of coaching was $10,000, then the ROI of that investment was ($30,000-$10,000) or $20,000/ $10,000 or 200%. Pretty impressive ROI, right? But coaching was not the only reason for that new revenue of $30,000, therefore that 200% ROI number is not valid.
Version 2 of the formula I use is ROI = (benefits x % attributed to outcomes)/ cost. For instance, if the benefits of coaching investment for 12 months are $30,000 in new revenue, and the percent attributed to coaching was 40%, and the cost of coaching was $10,000, then the ROI of that investment was ($30,000 x .40 = $12,000-$10,000) or $2,000/ $10,000 or 20%. A more accurate assessment, perhaps, but 20% ROI is not as impressive. Version 2 is also called adjusted ROI.
Here is a real example from one of my clients that illustrates how to assess the ROI of business coaching:
2015
2016
2017 (expected)
Products
$200,000
$190,000
$250,000
Services
$20,000
$55,000
$70,000
$220,000
$245,000 (+10%)
$320,000 (+23%)
% attributed to coaching
20% ($44,000)
20% ($49,000)
20% ($64,000)
– Cost of coaching
$12,000
$12,000
$12,000
ROI of coaching
367 %
408 %
533 %
The bottom line?
The ROI of your business coaching investment can be measured based on behavioral outcomes and performance outcomes.
2. The ROI of your business coaching investment with Action Learning Associates is guaranteed to be positive. Since 1997, we have provided that guarantee, and it has been true 100% of the time.
The American educator John Dewey (1938) stated, “We do not learn from experience… we learn from reflecting on experience.” That fact remains unchanged (for at least the last 79 years) because it describes the need to reflect on how leaders develop. For instance, a leadership shortage may be described by demographic shifts (millennials or global diversity), insufficient training (after promotions) or discouraging mindsets (low engagement or trust measures). In response to that shortage, leaders need to practice desired behaviors more frequently (Kouzes & Posner, 2016). Consider this example. When I recently asked a room full of leaders, “How many of you describe yourself as a leader?” only about 10% raised their hands. My experience is that many potential leaders do not regard themselves as leaders, largely because they do not trust their personal experiences. Leaders can learn from experiences, but not all experiences are meaningful (Yip & Wilson, 2010). This short paper explains how the two top processes of leader development can be applied to executive leadership. Those two processes, 1) challenging assignments and 2) developmental relationships, described 64% of leader development experiences in the United States 24 years ago (McCall, Lombardo & Morrison, 1998) and are just as critical today.
Challenging assignments
As a species, humans have always adapted to environmental stimuli. As leaders, humans adapt to environmental stimuli with internal change (Schein, 2010). When I ask leaders to share their “personal best leadership story” the results may range from parenting to global reorganizations. The unifying characteristic of those stories is that they describe challenging assignments; all leaders model initiative, take risks and innovate new behaviors (Kouzes & Posner, 2016). One useful framework for practicing more leadership behaviors includes these five steps: 1) model the way, 2) inspire a shared vision, 3) challenge the process, 4) enable others to act, and 5) encourage the heart (show appreciation and celebrate successes; Kouzes & Posner, 2016). That framework focuses on learning leadership behaviors, like a road map, and consequently I have shared that framework with dozens of executive leaders. Any leader cited throughout history (in any reference book or in any story) has embraced challenging assignments.
So, what are useful challenging assignments? Yip & Wilson (2010) list five types of assignments; 1) increase in job scope, 2) creating changes, 3) job rotation, 4) stakeholder engagement, and 5) cultural exchanges. Examples of an increase in job scope include redesigning roles or responsibilities, adding people or budget to a current assignment, a career succession pipeline or a job succession ladder. Examples of creating change abound as leaders respond to technological changes, market adaptations, global choices of suppliers and providers, diverse stakeholders, demands for improved efficiency, effectiveness or new outcomes. Examples of job rotation include formal systems with regular shifts, as physicians and healthcare leaders often do when training, or informal rotations when leaders shadow colleagues in a different work group or culture. Examples of stakeholder engagement include cross functional teams (sales and operations) or new market negotiations (vendors, clients, government officials) designed to develop awareness of cultural complexity and the need to negotiate desired outcomes. Examples of cultural exchanges include foreign assignments, foreign responsibilities, cultural awareness assessments, organizational culture development, language skills, and understanding of global leadership behaviors.
The next question may be, “how do leaders increase their probability of success in challenging assignments?” The answer includes feedback from developmental relationships.
Developmental relationships
No leader succeeds alone. We all need meaningful relational feedback such as coaching, peer or group mentoring, or one-on-one mentoring. Yip & Wilson (2010) list three types of developmental relationships; 1) constructive managers, 2) difficult relationships, and 3) other venerated leaders. Examples of constructive managers include regular one-to-one feedback sessions, performance reviews, based on critical organizational competencies or developmental states validated by a career development plan. Examples of difficult relationships are those conflicts or disputes that were handled poorly, remain memorable as instructive reminders of “what not to do next time”, or lessons from unethical or inappropriate behavior. Examples of relational feedback from other venerated leaders may include a mentoring session from an elder or historically wise leader, or an exemplary role model in a community or organization.
How do leaders increase developmental relationships? The most effective answer is to actively seek out wise mentors and regularly ask for feedback. As Kaplan (2007) states, the person in the mirror may be able to respond to seven key questions with candid feedback. However, my experience is that executive leaders require external, objective relationships with experienced mentors and coaches who can “speak truth to power” or model new desired behaviors. The most requested topics for executive coaching engagements have not changed for many years; those topics are (1) executive presence and influencing skills, (2) ability in leading teams and people development, and (3) relationship management (TCB, 2014). Managers and supervisors may be able to provide insights into those topics, but only executive coaches can observe and recommend new desired behaviors.
The coach training industry is now estimated at 53,500 global coach practitioners and over $2B in annual revenue, with 115 accredited coach training programs (ICF, 2016). The International Coaching Federation (ICF) hosted the largest global survey (n=15,380, with 38% non-members) of coaching practitioners (internal, external or both) and managers or leaders using coaching skills (within Human Resources, Talent Development, or any line of business; ICF, 2016). That survey identified the top future obstacles for coaching as (1) untrained individuals and (2) marketplace confusion (ICF, 2016). The survey also identified the top future opportunities for coaching as (1) increased awareness of the benefits of coaching, and (2) credible data on ROI/ROE/outcomes (ICF, 2016). Those findings suggest a significant need for research on the efficacy of coach training.
Conclusion
When Dewey revolutionized American educational systems, he caused leaders to challenge the status quo and provide developmental relationships for students. In a similar way, leaders have always accepted challenging assignments and sought candid, relational feedback of their performance. In recent months I have applied the model from Kouzes & Posner (2016) to several executive leaders because it focuses on frequency of desired leadership behaviors. If we assume that any leader needs to 1) model the way, 2) inspire a shared vision, 3) challenge the process, 4) enable others to act, and 5) encourage the heart (show appreciation and celebrate successes; Kouzes & Posner, 2016), then we can help more leaders to increase the frequency of desired leadership behaviors. In other words, we can help leaders practice leadership.
Contact Doug Gray, PCC, for details at 615.905.1892 today.
References
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York: Macmillan.
ICF (2016). 2016 ICF Global Coaching Study; Executive summary. International Coaching Federation.
Kaplan, R. S. (January 2007). What to ask the person in the mirror. In On managing yourself (pp. 135- 156, 2010). Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Kouzes, J.M. & Posner, B.Z. (2016). Learning leadership; The five fundamentals of becoming an extraordinary leader. San Francisco, CA: Wiley.
McCall, Lombardo & Morrison (1988). The lessons of experience; How successful executive develop on the job. (reference not included in text, but cited on p. 64). In Velsor, E.V., McCauley, C.D. & Ruderman, M.N. (2010). Handbook for leadership development, 3rd Ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass Publications.
TCB (2014). The 2014 Executive Coaching Survey. The Conference Board, Report #R-1568-14-RR.
Yip, J. & Wilson, M.S. (2010). Learning from experience. Pp. 63-95. In Velsor, E.V., McCauley, C.D. & Ruderman, M.N. (2010). Handbook for leadership development, 3rd Ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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